Types of ADHD in Children and Teens

Types of ADHD

ADHD is primarily categorized into three presentations, each exhibiting distinct behavioral patterns:

1. Predominantly Inattentive Presentation (ADHD-PI):
   • Characteristics: Children with this presentation primarily exhibit symptoms of inattention without significant hyperactive or impulsive behaviors.
   • Common Signs:
     • Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
     • Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or other activities.
     • Often seems not to listen when spoken to directly.
     • Trouble organizing tasks and activities.
     • Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
     • Forgetfulness in daily activities.
2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation (ADHD-PH):
   • Characteristics: This presentation is marked by excessive hyperactivity and impulsivity without significant inattention.
   • Common Signs:
     • Fidgeting with hands or feet; squirming in seat.
     • Inability to remain seated in situations where it’s expected.
     • Running or climbing in inappropriate situations.
     • Difficulty playing or engaging in activities quietly.
     • Talking excessively.
     • Interrupting or intruding on others’ conversations or games.
     • Difficulty waiting for their turn.
3. Combined Presentation (ADHD-C):
   • Characteristics: This form includes a combination of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
   • Common Signs: Exhibits behaviors from both ADHD-PI and ADHD-PH presentations.

Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of ADHD in Children and Teens

Identifying ADHD involves observing behaviors that are inconsistent with the child’s developmental level and that negatively impact social, academic, or occupational activities. Key signs include:

• Inattention:
  • Frequently losing items necessary for tasks (e.g., school materials).
  • Avoiding or being reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort.
  • Easily distracted by unrelated thoughts or external stimuli.
  • Forgetfulness in daily routines.
• Hyperactivity and Impulsivity:
  • Restlessness, often leaving seat in situations where remaining seated is expected.
  • Running or climbing in situations where it is inappropriate.
  • Inability to play or engage in leisure activities quietly.
  • Excessive talking.
  • Difficulty waiting for their turn.
  • Interrupting or intruding on others’ conversations or activities.

It’s important to note that while these behaviors can be typical in children, those with ADHD display them more frequently and severely. Additionally, symptoms must be present in multiple settings (e.g., both at home and school) and have persisted for at least six months.

ADHD in Girls and Boys

ADHD manifests differently in boys and girls, leading to potential underdiagnosis in females. Boys are more likely to display externalizing behaviors such as hyperactivity and impulsivity, which are more noticeable and often lead to earlier diagnosis. Girls, however, may exhibit internalizing behaviors, including inattentiveness and low self-esteem, which can be overlooked or misattributed to other causes. Understanding these differences is essential for accurate identification and support.

Coexisting Conditions

Children and teens with ADHD may also experience coexisting conditions that can complicate diagnosis and treatment. Common coexisting conditions include:

• Learning Disabilities: Difficulties in specific academic areas such as reading, writing, or mathematics.
• Anxiety Disorders: Excessive worry or fear that can interfere with daily activities.
• Depressive Disorders: Persistent feelings of sadness or loss of interest in activities once enjoyed.
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): A pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior toward authority figures.

Recognizing and addressing these coexisting conditions is crucial for comprehensive care and effective management of ADHD.

Diagnosis of ADHD

Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional, typically including:

• Clinical Interviews: Gathering detailed information about the child’s behavior from parents, teachers, and the child.
• Behavioral Assessments: Utilizing standardized rating scales and questionnaires to assess the frequency and severity of symptoms.
• Medical Examination: Conducting a physical exam to rule out other potential causes of symptoms.

It’s essential to ensure that symptoms are not better explained by another mental disorder and that they cause significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.

Treatment Approaches

Managing ADHD often involves a multimodal approach tailored to the individual needs of the child or teen. Common treatment strategies include:

• Behavioral Interventions: Implementing behavior modification techniques to reinforce desired behaviors and reduce problematic ones.
• Educational Support: Collaborating with schools to develop individualized education plans (IEPs) or 504 plans that provide accommodations and support.
• Parent Training: Educating parents on effective strategies to manage their child’s behavior and support their development.

For more detailed information on treatment options, including medication management, please refer to our article on ADHD Treatment.

How NJCMO Can Assist

Navigating the complexities of ADHD can be challenging for families. The New Jersey Care Management Organization (NJCMO) is dedicated to connecting families with the necessary resources and support systems. As a care management organization, NJCMO offers:

• Comprehensive Assessments: Evaluating the child’s needs to develop personalized care plans.
• Resource Connection: Linking families to medical professionals, therapists, and support groups specializing in ADHD.
• Ongoing Support: Providing continuous guidance to ensure effective management strategies are in place.

By partnering with NJCMO, families can access a network of services tailored to support children and teens struggling with ADHD, fostering better outcomes and improved quality of life.

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